Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
Sweden,Japan,United Kingdom,Slovenia,Germany,France,Mongolia,Liechtenstein,China,Iceland,Tajikistan,Spain,Macedonia,Switzerland,Norway,Canada,Russia,Finland,Austria,Kazakhstan,Italy,Greenland,Andorra,United States - Alaska,United States - mainland,
Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
muta
n Scandinavia to Kola Pen. (nw Russia)
yunaskensis
Yunaska I. (c Aleutian Is., USA)
nelsoni
Unimak and Unalaska Is. (e Aleutian Is., USA) and s Alaska
dixoni
Glacier Bay Is. and se Alaska
rupestris
n North America
welchi
Newfoundland (Canada)
saturata
nw Greenland
macruros
ne Greenland
reinhardi
s Greenland
hyperborea
Svalbard (Norway) and Franz Josef Land (Russia)
atkhensis
Tanaga I., Adak I. and Atka I. (wc Aleutian Is., USA)
townsendi
Kiska I., Amchitka, Little Sitkin and Rat Is. (w Aleutian Is., USA)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
