Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
mostly low Arctic to subarctic Holarctic tundra and alpine tundra: s Greenland, Iceland, Scotland (rare), n Scandinavia, and Arctic and subarctic Russia to Kamchatka, Kuril and Commander is.; Aleutian Is., Arctic and subarctic Alaska and Canada
Nonbreeding Range Subregions
to tropical and subtropical coastal waters and coasts: Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Bay of Bengal; seas of Indonesian Arch., off n, w New Guinea and Bismarck Arch.; and se North Pacific coasts of w Mexico and Central America to Peru and Galápagos
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
