Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
subarctic from Scotland and Scandinavia to Sakhalin and Kamchatka (se Russia), in s through n Kazakhstan, n Mongolia and Heilongjiang (ne China); w Alaskan mainland to Labrador and New Brunswick, in s through n tier of contiguous USA
Sweden,Nepal,Czech Republic,Portugal,Japan,Latvia,Turkey,Tunisia,Bangladesh,Croatia,United Kingdom,Slovenia,India - mainland,Algeria,Serbia,Azerbaijan,Bulgaria,Lebanon,Iraq,Belarus,Netherlands,Ukraine,Romania,Greece,Germany,Belgium,Uzbekistan,France,Libya,North Korea,Syria,Mongolia,Hungary,Liechtenstein,Pakistan,China,Estonia,Armenia,Turkmenistan,Ireland,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Mexico,Slovakia,Tajikistan,South Korea,Poland,Moldova,Spain,Macedonia,Switzerland,Lithuania,Norway,Canada,Cyprus,Luxembourg,Iran,Kyrgyzstan,Russia,Finland,Austria,Kazakhstan,Myanmar,Georgia,Afghanistan,Denmark,Albania,United States - Alaska,United States - mainland,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Montenegro,
Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
clangula
subarctic from Scotland and Scandinavia to Sakhalin and Kamchatka (se Russia), in s through n Kazakhstan, n Mongolia and Heilongjiang (ne China)
americana
subarctic from w Alaskan mainland to Labrador and New Brunswick, in s through n tier of contiguous USA
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
