Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
Tuvalu,Tonga,Anguilla,Somalia,Seychelles,Nauru,Turks and Caicos Islands,Guyana,Ethiopia,Equatorial Guinea,Peru,Indonesia,Nigeria,Netherlands Antilles,Japan,Antigua and Barbuda,Micronesia,Mauritius,Maldives,Brazil,Ecuador - mainland,Virgin Islands,Jamaica,Madagascar,India - mainland,Belize,Bahamas,American Samoa,Taiwan,Thailand,Vietnam,Cameroon,Grenada,Chile,French Guiana,Haiti,Costa Rica,Kiribati,Malaysia,Guam,Cambodia,Samoa,Panama,Benin,Puerto Rico,Trinidad and Tobago,Saint Lucia,Sri Lanka,Suriname,China,Sierra Leone,Eritrea,Saudi Arabia,Guinea-Bissau,Oman,Vanuatu,Tokelau,Philippines,Ghana,Mexico,French Polynesia,Niue,Djibouti,Cook Islands,Marshall Islands,Saint Helena,Solomon Islands,Cuba,Spain,Gabon,Kenya,Australia,Norway,Montserrat,Dominican Republic,Papua New Guinea,Northern Mariana Islands,Tanzania,Palau,Sao Tome and Principe,Yemen,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Colombia,Gambia,Liberia,Myanmar,Reunion,Venezuela,New Caledonia,Sudan,Senegal,United States - Hawaii,British Virgin Islands,United States - mainland,Democratic Republic of Congo,Comoros,Pitcairn Islands,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Ecuador - Galapagos Islands,South Sudan,
Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
pileatus
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, all Seychelles groups from Aldabra ne to Inner Is., Madagascar and Mascarenes (w Indian Ocean) e through the Pacific from Ryukyu and Bonin is. (s Japan) to Hawaiian Is. and Easter Is. group (=Eastern Is., se Polynesia)
galapagensis
Galápagos
ridgwayi
Tres Marias and Socorro (w of Nayarit, wc Mexico) to Clipperton (far sw of Mexico), I. del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica), is. Malpelo (far w of Colombia) and Gorgona (just w of sw Colombia; tropical e North Pacific Ocean)
stolidus
tropical Atlantic from Trindade (e of ne Brazil), Ascension and St. Helena (tropical se Atlantic Ocean), Gulf of Guinea is. and Tristan da Cunha group (ec South Atlantic Ocean); throughout Caribbean from Bush Key, Dry Tortugas (w of Florida) through islan
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
