Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
Tuvalu,Tonga,Cayman Islands,Anguilla,Somalia,Guinea,Seychelles,Nauru,Turks and Caicos Islands,Guyana,Mozambique,Ethiopia,Equatorial Guinea,Peru,Indonesia,Nigeria,Netherlands Antilles,Japan,Antigua and Barbuda,Micronesia,Maldives,Brazil,Ecuador - mainland,Virgin Islands,Jamaica,Dominica,Madagascar,India - mainland,Belize,Bahamas,American Samoa,Taiwan,Thailand,Barbados,Singapore,Vietnam,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Cameroon,Grenada,Chile,Haiti,Costa Rica,Kiribati,Malaysia,Guam,Samoa,Panama,Uruguay,Benin,Puerto Rico,Trinidad and Tobago,Saint Lucia,Sri Lanka,Suriname,China,Sierra Leone,Eritrea,Angola,Ivory Coast,Guatemala,Saudi Arabia,Guinea-Bissau,Oman,Honduras,Vanuatu,Nicaragua,Tokelau,Philippines,Ghana,Mexico,French Polynesia,Djibouti,Cook Islands,Marshall Islands,Saint Helena,El Salvador,Solomon Islands,Cuba,Spain,Gabon,Kenya,Egypt,Australia,Montserrat,Canada,Dominican Republic,Papua New Guinea,Bermuda,Northern Mariana Islands,Mauritania,Russia,Tanzania,Palau,Cape Verde,Jordan,Sao Tome and Principe,Yemen,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Colombia,Gambia,Liberia,Myanmar,Venezuela,New Caledonia,Sudan,Senegal,United States - Hawaii,British Virgin Islands,United States - mainland,Congo,Pitcairn Islands,South Sudan,
Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
leucogaster
Atlantic and Caribbean islands: Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil), coastal islands off se Brazil, Cape Verde Is. (s Macaronesia, w of w Africa), Boatswain Bird I. (just off Ascension, sc South Atlantic Ocean), Alcatraz I. (w of nw Guinea) and Gulf of
brewsteri
islands off w Mexico: from c Baja California and Gulf of California (nw Mexico) to Revillagigedo Is. (far w of c Mexico) and Clipperton (far sw of Mexico)
etesiaca
Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia: Gulf of Fonseca is. (Honduras) to Gorgona I. (just w of sw Colombia)
plotus
Red Sea through Indian Ocean to w, c Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, islands off Somalia and Socotra (nw Indian Ocean); Cosmoledo (e Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), islands off nw Madagascar and Chagos Arch. (w, nc Indian Ocean); Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas is.
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
