Ridgely, R. S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNicol, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2005. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere, version 2.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. Additional updates and changes by BirdPhotos.com 2016.
Cayman Islands,Anguilla,Turks and Caicos Islands,Guyana,Peru,Argentina,Netherlands Antilles,Antigua and Barbuda,Brazil,Paraguay,Ecuador - mainland,Virgin Islands,Jamaica,Dominica,Belize,Bahamas,Barbados,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Grenada,French Guiana,Haiti,Costa Rica,Panama,Uruguay,Puerto Rico,Trinidad and Tobago,Saint Lucia,Suriname,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Mexico,El Salvador,Cuba,Bolivia,Montserrat,Dominican Republic,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Colombia,Venezuela,British Virgin Islands,United States - mainland,
Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
alleni
e Bolivia to c Brazil
montana
Andes of nw Venezuela
minima
e Colombia and s Venezuela to French Guiana and nc Brazil
obscura
ne Colombia and w Venezuela
luteola
coastal n Colombia and n Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago
laurae
Los Testigos (off n Venezuela)
frailensis
Los Frailes and Los Hermanos Is. (off n Venezuela)
ferryi
La Tortuga I. (off n Venezuela)
lowii
Los Roques Is. (off n Venezuela)
caucae
w Colombia
gorgonae
Gorgona I. (off w Colombia)
chloropyga
ec Peru to c Bolivia and e to e Brazil n Uruguay, ne Argentina and Paraguay
dispar
nc Peru to w Bolivia
magnirostris
far se Ecuador and n Peru
pacifica
w Peru
roraimae
tepui regions of se Venezuela, sw Guyana and n Brazil
guianensis
se Venezuela to Guyana
bolivari
e Venezuela
intermedia
sw Colombia, w Ecuador and n Peru e to s Venezuela and w Brazil
melanornis
Cayo Sal I. (off n Venezuela)
bonairensis
Bonaire I. (Netherlands Antilles)
columbiana
e Panama to sw Colombia and s Venezuela
newtoni
St. Croix (s Virgin Is.)
sanctithomae
I. de Vieques and I. Culebra (e of Puerto Rico) and n Virgin Is.
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
