This bird's contortions to dispute with a neighbour tipped its centre of gravity toppling the bird off the cliff ledge!
Isle of May, Firth of Forth, Fife, Scotland.
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low Arctic to n temperate North Atlantic coasts: Greenland, Iceland, British Isles to Scandinavia, nw France and the White Sea (nw Russia), ne Canada to Gulf of Maine
Nonbreeding Range Subregions
to Gulf Stream off North Carolina (w North Atlantic); to Iberian Pen. (e North Atlantic) and w Mediterranean Sea
Algeria,Austria,Canada,Croatia,Denmark,Egypt,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany, Gibraltar,Greenland,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Latvia,Lithuania,Mauritania,Morocco,Netherlands, Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Serbia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Tunisia, United Kingdom,United States - mainland,Western Sahara,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
torda
ne Hudson Bay and s Baffin I. (ne Canada to Gulf of Maine; w, se Greenland to n Scandinavia, Baltic and White seas (nw Russia)
islandica
Iceland, Faroe, British and Channel is., nw France and Heligoland (n of Germany)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
