Afghanistan,Albania,Algeria,Andorra,Armenia,Austria,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Bhutan,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,China,Croatia,Czech Republic,Denmark,Finland,France,Georgia,Germany,Gibraltar, Greece,Hungary,India - mainland,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Italy,Japan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg,Macedonia,Malta,Mongolia,Montenegro,Morocco,Myanmar,Nepal,Netherlands, North Korea,Norway,Pakistan,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia, South Korea,Spain,Switzerland,Syria,Taiwan,Tajikistan,Tunisia,Turkey,Turkmenistan,Ukraine, Uzbekistan,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
collaris
sw Europe to Slovenia and the Carpathian Mts., nw Africa
subalpina
Croatia to Bulgaria and Greece, Crete and sw Turkey
montana
n, e Turkey to the Caucasus and Iran
rufilata
ne Afghanistan and n Pakistan through the mountains of c Asia to w China
whymperi
w Himalayas
nipalensis
c, e Himalayas to sc China and n Myanmar
tibetana
e Tibet
erythropygia
e Kazakhstan and sc Siberia to ne Siberia, Japan, Korea and ne China
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
