Afghanistan,Albania,Algeria,Angola,Anguilla,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Armenia,Austria,Azerbaijan, Bahamas,Bahrain,Bangladesh,Barbados,Belarus,Belize,Benin,Bermuda,Bhutan,Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana,Brazil,British Virgin Islands,Bulgaria,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon,Canada, Cayman Islands,Central African Republic,Chad,Chile,China,Colombia,Comoros,Costa Rica,Croatia,Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic,Democratic Republic of Congo,Denmark,Djibouti,Dominica,Dominican Republic,Ecuador - Galapagos Islands,Ecuador - mainland,Egypt, El Salvador,Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Estonia,Ethiopia,Finland,France,French Guiana,French Polynesia,Gabon, Gambia,Georgia,Germany,Ghana,Greece,Grenada,Guatemala,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti,Honduras,Hong Kong,Hungary,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India - mainland,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Israel, Italy,Ivory Coast,Jamaica,Japan,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan,Laos, Lebanon,Lesotho,Liberia,Libya,Liechtenstein,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Macao,Macedonia,Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia,Maldives,Mali,Malta,Mauritania,Mexico,Micronesia,Moldova,Mongolia, Montenegro,Montserrat,Mozambique,Myanmar,Namibia,Nepal,Netherlands,Netherlands Antilles,New Zealand,Nicaragua, Niger,Nigeria,North Korea,Norway,Oman,Pakistan,Palestine,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Paraguay, Peru,Philippines,Poland,Portugal,Puerto Rico,Qatar,Romania,Russia,Rwanda,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Sao Tome and Principe,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Serbia,Sierra Leone,Singapore,Slovakia,Slovenia, Solomon Islands,Somalia,South Africa,South Korea,South Sudan,Spain,Sri Lanka,Sudan,Suriname,Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland,Syria,Taiwan,Tajikistan,Tanzania,Thailand,Togo,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan,Turks and Caicos Islands,Uganda,Ukraine,United Arab Emirates,United States - mainland,Uruguay,Uzbekistan,Venezuela, Vietnam,Virgin Islands,Yemen,Zambia,Zimbabwe,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
alba
c Europe to ne Asia s to n, c Africa and s Asia
melanorhynchos
Africa s of the Sahara
modesta
s, e Asia to Mindanao (s Philippines), Indonesian Arch. and Australasia
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
