American Samoa,Anguilla,Antigua and Barbuda,Australia,Bahamas,Belize,Benin,Brazil,British Virgin Islands,Cambodia, Cameroon,Chile,China,Colombia,Comoros,Cook Islands,Costa Rica,Cuba,Democratic Republic of Congo,Djibouti, Dominican Republic,Ecuador - Galapagos Islands,Ecuador - mainland,Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Ethiopia,French Guiana,French Polynesia,Gabon,Gambia, Ghana,Grenada,Guam,Guinea-Bissau,Guyana,Haiti,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India - mainland,Indonesia,Jamaica, Japan,Kenya,Kiribati,Liberia,Madagascar,Malaysia,Maldives,Marshall Islands,Mauritius,Mexico, Micronesia,Montserrat,Myanmar,Nauru,Netherlands Antilles,New Caledonia,Nigeria,Niue,Northern Mariana Islands,Norway, Oman,Palau,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Peru,Philippines,Pitcairn Islands,Puerto Rico,Reunion,Saint Helena, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Samoa,Sao Tome and Principe,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Seychelles,Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands,Somalia, South Sudan,Spain,Sri Lanka,Sudan,Suriname,Taiwan,Tanzania,Thailand,Tokelau,Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,Turks and Caicos Islands,Tuvalu,United States - Hawaii,United States - mainland,Vanuatu,Venezuela,Vietnam,Virgin Islands,Yemen,
IOC 9.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
pileatus
Red Sea, Indian Ocean east through the Pacific to Hawaiian Is. and Easter I.
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
EU
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
