Algeria,Australia,Austria,Bahrain,Bangladesh,Burundi,Cambodia,Comoros,Djibouti,Egypt, Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gambia,Ghana,Gibraltar,Greece,Guinea,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India - mainland,Indonesia, Iran,Iraq,Israel,Italy,Kenya,Kuwait,Lebanon,Libya,Madagascar,Malaysia, Maldives,Mauritania,Morocco,Mozambique,Myanmar,Oman,Pakistan,Papua New Guinea,Philippines,Portugal, Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Seychelles,Singapore,Somalia,South Africa,South Sudan,Spain,Sri Lanka, Sudan,Switzerland,Tanzania,Thailand,Tunisia,Uganda,United Arab Emirates,Western Sahara,Yemen,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
emigratus
coastal sc Mediterranean: Libya (c North Africa)
bengalensis
Indian Ocean and marginal coasts: Red Sea, Persian Gulf to Sind (Pakistan) and (perhaps) Lakshadweep and Maldives (nc Indian Ocean) and Orissa (w Bay of Bengal)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)