to Virginia in Gulf Stream (w North Atlantic); to Iberian Pen. (e North Atlantic); to n Japan (w North Pacific); to nw Baja California (nw Mexico; e North Pacific)
Belgium,Bulgaria,Canada,Cape Verde,Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany, Gibraltar,Greenland,Iceland,Ireland,Japan,Latvia,Lithuania,Mauritania,Mexico,Netherlands, North Korea,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,United Kingdom, United States - Alaska,United States - mainland,Western Sahara,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
aalge
coastal se Canada, sw Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Scotland, s Norway and Baltic Sea
hyperborea
coastal n Norway to Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya (nw Russia)
albionis
coastal British Isles, Heligoland (n of Germany), nw France and w Iberian Pen.
inornata
coastal Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander is. (e Russia), s Kuril Is. (n Japan), Teuri I. (nw of Hokkaido; formerly also Hokkaido; n Japan); Aleutian and Bering Sea is. to w Alaska and sw Canada
californica
coastal n Washington to s California (e North Pacific)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
EU
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
