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Afghanistan,Albania,Algeria,Andorra,Angola,Armenia,Australia,Austria,Azerbaijan,Bahrain, Bangladesh,Belarus,Bhutan,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana,Bulgaria,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon, Canada,Cape Verde,Central African Republic,Chad,China,Congo,Croatia,Cyprus,Czech Republic,Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark,Egypt,Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Estonia,Ethiopia,Finland,France,Gabon,Gambia, Georgia,Germany,Ghana,Gibraltar,Greece,Greenland,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Hong Kong,Hungary, Iceland,India - mainland,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Ivory Coast,Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan,Laos,Latvia,Lebanon,Lesotho,Liberia, Libya,Liechtenstein,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Macedonia,Malawi,Malaysia,Malta,Mauritania,Moldova, Monaco,Mongolia,Montenegro,Morocco,Mozambique,Myanmar,Namibia,Nepal,Netherlands,Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia,New Zealand,Niger,Nigeria,North Korea,Norway,Oman,Pakistan,Palestine,Papua New Guinea, Philippines,Poland,Portugal,Qatar,Romania,Russia,Rwanda,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Serbia, Singapore,Slovakia,Slovenia,Somalia,South Korea,South Sudan,Spain,Sri Lanka,Sudan,Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland,Syria,Taiwan,Tajikistan,Tanzania,Thailand,Tunisia,Turkey,Turkmenistan, Uganda,Ukraine,United Arab Emirates,United Kingdom,United States - mainland,Uzbekistan,Vietnam,Western Sahara,Yemen,Zambia, Zimbabwe,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
carbo
coastal North Atlantic: w Greenland, w Europe and e Canada to Maine (ne USA, w North Atlantic)
sinensis
inland c Europe to n, s, India and Sri Lanka to ne Russia, ne China and Korean Pen., s to Turkey, c Asia and n Mongolia; disjunctly sc Cambodia and s Vietnam, ne Borneo
hanedae
coastal and inland Japan: Hokkaido to Kyushu (n to s Japan)
maroccanus
coastal nw Africa: Morocco to Mauretania
novaehollandiae
inland and coastal Australasia: Australia, North, South, Stewart and Chatham is. (e of South I.; New Zealand), Rennell (s Solomon Is.) and Grande Terre (New Caledonia)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
