Afghanistan,Albania,Algeria,Andorra,Armenia,Austria,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Belgium,Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,China,Croatia,Cyprus,Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Georgia,Greece,Hungary,India - mainland,Iran,Ireland,Italy,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Latvia, Lebanon,Liechtenstein,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Macedonia,Moldova,Mongolia,Montenegro,Morocco,Myanmar, Nepal,Netherlands,Norway,Pakistan,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Serbia,Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Syria,Tajikistan,Tunisia,Turkey,Turkmenistan,Ukraine, United Kingdom,Uzbekistan,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
hibernicus
Ireland and w Scotland
cashmeriensis
w, c Himalayas
baicalensis
sc, se Siberia
leucogaster
sc Russia, nw China s to Afghanistan and n Pakistan
persicus
sw Iran
caucasicus
Turkey to the Caucasus, n Iran and n Iraq
uralensis
Ural Mts. (w Russia)
rufiventris
w Syria and Lebanon
minor
nw Africa
olympicus † †
Cyprus
aquaticus
c, s Europe
cinclus
n Europe, w, c France and n Spain, Corsica and Sardinia
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
