Holarctic high and low Arctic tundra, locally subarctic: nw, se Greenland, Arctic n Scandinavia to ne Siberia and Kamchatka (e Russia); Arctic and w, s Alaska through Arctic Canada to Ellesmere and Baffin is.
Nonbreeding Range Subregions
highly pelagic and southerly: to offshore subantarctic and subtropical waters off w, sw, se Africa, s Madagascar, s Australia, Peru, Chile and ec Argentina
Angola,Argentina,Australia,Austria,Belarus,Belize,Bermuda,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada,Colombia,Costa Rica,Croatia,Czech Republic,Denmark,Ecuador - mainland,Egypt,El Salvador, Estonia,Faroe Islands,Finland,France,Gabon,Germany,Ghana,Greece,Greenland,Guatemala, Guinea,Haiti,Hungary,Indonesia,Iran,Ireland,Israel,Ivory Coast,Japan,Kenya, Kiribati,Latvia,Liberia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Madagascar,Mauritania,Mexico,Namibia,Netherlands, Nicaragua,Nigeria,Norway,Palau,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Peru,Poland,Portugal,Romania, Russia,Senegal,Serbia,Sierra Leone,Slovenia,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand, Togo,Turkey,Ukraine,United Kingdom,United States - Alaska,United States - mainland,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
longicaudus
Arctic n Scandinavia (including Svalbard, n of Norway) and n Russia e to Lena River (ec Siberia)
pallescens
Arctic from Lena River (ec Siberia) to ne Siberia and Kamchatka, Arctic and w, s Alaska through high Arctic Canada to Ellesmere and Baffin is. (ne Canada) and nw, se Greenland
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
