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low (locally high) Arctic to n temperate Holarctic tundra and taiga: sw, se Greenland, Iceland, n Scandinaria e through n Russia to Chukotskiy Pen., Kamchatka and Sakhalin (e Russia). Also temperate w, wc Palearctic lowland (montane in s) birch and larch
Australia,Austria,Belarus,Belgium,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Canada,China,Croatia,Czech Republic, Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greenland,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy, Japan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Latvia,Liechtenstein,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Macedonia,Moldova,Mongolia, Netherlands,New Zealand,North Korea,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Serbia,Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Taiwan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine,United Kingdom,United States - Alaska,United States - mainland, Uzbekistan,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
flammea
n Europe, Siberia, Alaska and Canada
rostrata
ne Canada, Greenland and Iceland
cabaret
temperate w, wc Palearctic lowland (montane in s) birch and larch woods: British Isles, sw Scandinavia e to n Germany and s Poland; s to se France, Austria and Czech Republic
exilipes
low (locally high) Arctic tundra birch and willow of n Eurasia, n Alaska and nw Canada
hornemanni
low (locally high) Arctic tundra birch and willow of far ne Canada and Greenland
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
