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American Samoa,Australia,Brazil,Colombia,French Polynesia,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India - mainland,Indonesia,Ivory Coast,Japan,Kiribati,Liberia,Malaysia,Marshall Islands,Mauritania,Micronesia, Nauru,Netherlands Antilles,New Caledonia,Nigeria,Northern Mariana Islands,Palau,Papua New Guinea,Philippines,Pitcairn Islands,Saint Helena, Samoa,Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal,Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands,South Africa,Sri Lanka,Tokelau,Tonga,Tuvalu, United States - Hawaii,United States - mainland,Venezuela,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
worcesteri
Cavili I. and Tubbataha Reefs, Sulu Sea (sw Philippines)
minutus
islets of Ashmore Reef (nw of Australia), e QLD (ne Australia), ne, se New Guinea satellites, Lord Howe and Norfolk is. (far e of Australia), Kermadec Is. (ne of North I., New Zealand) through Melanesia to Pitcairn group (e Polynesia)
marcusi
Minami-Torishima (=Marcus I., far se of Japan) and Wake I. (ne Micronesia) to Caroline Is. (to e Micronesia)
melanogenys
Northwestern and main Hawaiian Is.
diamesus
Clipperton (far sw of Mexico), I. del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica) and perhaps I. Malpelo (far w of Colombia; tropical e Pacific Ocean)
americanus
peripheral Caribbean islands: Los Roques Is. (n of Caracas, Venezuela) and perhaps other islands off Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Anguilla (Lesser Antilles); formerly islands e of Belize
atlanticus
tropical s Atlantic islands: St. Paul, Fernando de Noronha and Martim Vaz (e, se of ne Brazil), Ascension and St. Helena (tropical se Atlantic Ocean) and Gulf of Guinea is.
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
