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American Samoa,Australia,Brazil,British Virgin Islands,Cameroon,Cape Verde,Chile,China,Colombia,Comoros, Cook Islands,Costa Rica,Dominican Republic,Ecuador - mainland,El Salvador,Eritrea,Ethiopia,French Polynesia,Guam,Guatemala, Haiti,Honduras,India - mainland,Indonesia,Iran,Japan,Kenya,Kiribati,Liberia,Madagascar, Malaysia,Maldives,Marshall Islands,Mauritius,Mexico,Micronesia,Netherlands Antilles,New Caledonia,Nicaragua,Northern Mariana Islands, Oman,Pakistan,Palau,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Peru,Philippines,Pitcairn Islands,Puerto Rico,Reunion, Saint Helena,Samoa,Sao Tome and Principe,Saudi Arabia,Seychelles,Somalia,South Africa,South Sudan,Spain,Sri Lanka, Sudan,Tanzania,Thailand,Tonga,Trinidad and Tobago,United States - Hawaii,United States - mainland,Venezuela,Vietnam,Yemen,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
dactylatra
Caribbean from Campeche Bank (w of Yucatan Pen.) and islands ne of Honduras, I. San Andrés (e of Nicaragua), islands near Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles, islands n of Venezuela; Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil), Abrolhos Arch. and I. Trindade (e of
melanops
islands in Red Sea, Socotra, islands ne of Somalia, s Oman (nw Arabian Sea)
tasmani
Lord Howe and Norfolk is. (e of Australia) and Kermadec Is. (ne of New Zealand)
personata
Comoros, Cosmoledo (e Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), Boudeuse (Amirantes, c Seychelles), Mauritius and St. Brandon (ne of Mascarenes); Chagos Arch. (nc Indian Ocean; this race?), Con Dao I. (se of Vietnam), Cocos (Keeling) Is. (ec Indian Ocean), off se Ne
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
